Diseño de un plan de acción para garantizar la operación continua del sistema de saneamiento de Los Reyes, Alajuela, basado en escenarios construidos a partir de simulaciones numéricas de la red de alcantarillado
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2021
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La recolección y disposición de aguas residuales es de suma importancia para poder asegurar el bienestar de las comunidades, así como la protección del medio ambiente. Los Planes de Saneamiento Seguro plantean la necesidad de realizar la recolección y disposición de aguas residuales de manera correcta, para poder minimizar enfermedades y aumentar el bienestar de la población. Sin embargo, ante una emergencia, no se tiene una metodología o plan de acción para garantizar la continuidad del servicio de recolección de aguas residuales. En este trabajo se realizó una evaluación del riesgo del sistema de recolección de aguas residuales en la Hacienda Los Reyes ubicada en la provincia de Alajuela, Costa Rica. Este análisis excluye la planta de tratamiento de agua residual. Esta evaluación permitió delimitar las vulnerabilidades del sistema, las amenazas y los riesgos que pueden afectar la operación continua de la prestación del servicio de recolección de aguas residuales. Con esta delimitación se procedió a realizar un modelo numérico con ayuda del programa computacional SewerGEMS, el cual se calibró y validó para poder representar el comportamiento real del sistema. Posteriormente, se realizaron simulaciones por medio de modelos numéricos de los riesgos identificados, de esta manera se analizó el impacto en el sistema, para el caso de esta investigación se realizaron trece modelos para representar estos riesgos. Además, se realizaron dos simulaciones adicionales para poder sentar una base teórica para futuras investigaciones y diseños de planes de acción para otros sistemas. Con las simulaciones numéricas realizadas, fue posible analizar los resultados y poder determinar los efectos de los siniestros en el comportamiento del sistema y de esta manera diseñar un plan de acción o metodología para poder detectar anomalías en el sistema y resolverlas antes de un colapso parcial o total.
The potential groundwater recharge in the basin of the Machuca River in the Central Pacific of Costa Rica in Central America was estimated to meet the expectation of urban development due to the construction of the Highway 27 (San José – Caldera Highway). It is expected that the biggest urban impact will take place in the cantons of San Mateo and Orotina, which almost encompass the whole basin of the Machuca River, which belongs to the Jesús María hydrographic watershed. To estimate the potential groundwater recharge the main variables are calculated: precipitation, evapotranspiration, terrain slopes, land use and soil type, among others. The annual and monthly water balance of the basin were calculated, the last one based on the methodology proposed by the Modified Thornthwaite-Mather model and the soil water balance following the methodology proposed by Schosinsky (2006). In addition, a hydrogeological analysis of the basin of the Machuca River was performed, considering the physical-chemical characterization of the surface waters and the database of the AyA´s Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas. Projections of the population were also carried out to estimate the demand for water supply. The potential groundwater recharge in the basin of the Machuca River was determined, being in the order of 1000 mm/year. Also, the presence of an aquifer system that recharges the main waterway of the Machuca River and the Surubres River was determined. This was corroborated by flow measurements taken during the dry season and by hydrogeochemical characterization. It is projected that the demand of water resources in the year 2040 will be between 150 l/s and 210 l/s depending on the operational efficiency of the water supply systems. It is expected that the population in this year reaches 41 thousand inhabitants, doubling in thirty years. The surface flow in the upper Machuca river basin is not expected to exceed 75 L/s. It concludes that the superficial water resource...
The potential groundwater recharge in the basin of the Machuca River in the Central Pacific of Costa Rica in Central America was estimated to meet the expectation of urban development due to the construction of the Highway 27 (San José – Caldera Highway). It is expected that the biggest urban impact will take place in the cantons of San Mateo and Orotina, which almost encompass the whole basin of the Machuca River, which belongs to the Jesús María hydrographic watershed. To estimate the potential groundwater recharge the main variables are calculated: precipitation, evapotranspiration, terrain slopes, land use and soil type, among others. The annual and monthly water balance of the basin were calculated, the last one based on the methodology proposed by the Modified Thornthwaite-Mather model and the soil water balance following the methodology proposed by Schosinsky (2006). In addition, a hydrogeological analysis of the basin of the Machuca River was performed, considering the physical-chemical characterization of the surface waters and the database of the AyA´s Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas. Projections of the population were also carried out to estimate the demand for water supply. The potential groundwater recharge in the basin of the Machuca River was determined, being in the order of 1000 mm/year. Also, the presence of an aquifer system that recharges the main waterway of the Machuca River and the Surubres River was determined. This was corroborated by flow measurements taken during the dry season and by hydrogeochemical characterization. It is projected that the demand of water resources in the year 2040 will be between 150 l/s and 210 l/s depending on the operational efficiency of the water supply systems. It is expected that the population in this year reaches 41 thousand inhabitants, doubling in thirty years. The surface flow in the upper Machuca river basin is not expected to exceed 75 L/s. It concludes that the superficial water resource...
Descripción
Proyecto de graduación (licenciatura en ingeniería civil)--Universidad de Costa Rica. Facultad de Ingeniería. Escuela de Ingeniería Civil, 2021
Palabras clave
ALCANTARILLADO - EFECTOS DE DESASTRES NATURALES - HACIENDA LOS REYES (ALAJUELA, COSTA RICA), DISPOSICION DE AGUAS RESIDUALES - HACIENDA LOS REYES (ALAJUELA, COSTA RICA), EVALUACION DE RIESGOS CONTRA LA SALUD - HACIENDA LOS REYES (ALAJUELA, COSTA RICA) - METODOS DE SIMULACION, HACIENDA LOS REYES (ALAJUELA, COSTA RICA), SANEAMIENTO - PROGRAMAS PARA COMPUTADORA - HACIENDA LOS REYES (ALAJUELA, COSTA RICA), SNAA, Servicio Nacional de Acueductos y Alcantarillado