Carolina Santamaría Ulloa

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Estacionalidad de la mortalidad en los trópicos. El caso de Costa Rica, 1970-2016 = Seasonal Variation of Mortality in the Tropics. The Case of Costa Rica, 1970-2016
(Revista Latinoamericana de Población, vol.13(25), 2019) Rosero Bixby, Luis; Santamaría Ulloa, Carolina
El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar la existencia y magnitud de ciclos de variación estacional en la mortalidad de Costa Rica de 1970 a 2016. Metodológicamente, el estudio se basa en microdatos de 630,000 defunciones entre esos años. La naturaleza cíclica de la variación estacional se modela con regresión sinusoide y parámetros estimados con regresión de Poisson. Los resultados muestran que hay variación estacional significativa con un máximo en enero y un mínimo en mayo. La mortalidad tiende a ser 7 % mayor en su ápex que en su nadir. Este patrón está determinado por accidentes, especialmente de transporte, alcoholismo, enfermedades cardio- y cerebrovasculares, e infecciones respiratorias. La mortalidad por diarreas presenta un patrón diferente de estacionalidad. En conclusión, la mayor mortalidad de enero estaría asociada con la temperatura menor, ausencia de pluviosidad, menor luz solar y comportamiento durante días festivos. Algunos picos de mortalidad podrían deberse a fluctuaciones en la calidad de los servicios de salud y de atención de emergencias. Abstract The objective of this study is to determine the existence and magnitude of cycles of seasonal variation in Costa Rican mortality, 1970-2016. As methods, it uses the microdata of 630 000 deaths between 1970 and 2016. The cyclic character of seasonality is modeled using sinusoid regression with parameters estimated with Poisson regression. The results show that there is significant seasonality with a peak of deaths in January and a valley in May. Deaths are 7 % higher in the apex than in the nadir. This pattern comes from —mostly road— accidents, alcoholism, brain and cardiovascular diseases and respiratory infections. Seasonality in diarrheal mortality follows a different pattern. As a conclusion, the high mortality in January might be associated to lower temperatures, absence of rainfall, less hours of sunshine, as well as behavior during holidays. Some peaks of mortality may occur because of fluctuations in the quality of health care and emergency care services.
Factors associated with hypertension prevalence, unawareness and treatment among Costa Rican elderly
(BMC Public Health 8(275), 2008) Méndez Chacón, Ericka; Santamaría Ulloa, Carolina; Rosero Bixby, Luis
Background: Reliable information on the prevalence of hypertension is crucial in the development of health policies for prevention, control, and early diagnosis of this condition. This study describes the prevalence of hypertension among Costa Rican elderly, and identifies co-factors associated with its prevalence, unawareness and treatment. Methods: The prevalence of hypertension is estimated for the Costa Rican elderly. Measurement error is assessed, and factors associated with high blood pressure are explored. Data for this study came from a nationally representative sample of about 2,800 individuals from CRELES (Costa Rica: Longevity and Healthy Aging Study). Two blood pressure measures were collected using digital monitors. Self reprts of previous diagnosis, and medications taken were also recorded as part of the study. Results: No evidence of information bias was found among interviewers, or over time. Hypertension prevalence in elderly Costa Ricans was found to be 65% (Males = 60%, Females = 69%). Twenty-five percent of the studied population did not reprt previous diagnoses of hypertension, but according to our measurement they had high blood pressure. The proportion of unaware men is higher than the proportion of unaware women (32% vs. 20%). The main factors associated with hypertension are: age, being overweight or obese, and family history of hypertension. For men, current smokers are 3 times more likely to be unaware of their condition than non smokers. Both men and women are less likely to be unaware of their condition if they have a family history of hypertension. Those women who are obese, diabetic, have suffered heart disease or stroke, or have been home visited by community health workers are less likely to be unaware of their hypertension. The odds of being treated are higher in educated individuals, those with a family history of hypertension, elderly with diabetes or those who have had heart disease. Conclusion: Sex differences in terms of hypertension prevalence, unawareness, and treatment in elderly people have been found. Despite national programs for hypertension detection and education, unawareness of hypertension remains high, particularly among elderly men. Modifiable factors identified to be associated with prevalence such as obesity and alcohol intake could be used in educational programs aimed at the detection and treatment of those individuals who have the condition

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Examinando Carolina Santamaría Ulloa por Autor "Rosero Bixby, Luis"

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