Anticoncepción
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Examinando Anticoncepción por Materia "ANTICONCEPTIVOS ORALES"
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Ítem Oral contraceptives and cervical cancer risk in Costa Rica(Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 259, no. 1, 1988) Irwin, Kathleen L.; Rosero-Bixby, Luis; Oberle, Mark W.; Lee, Nancy C.To examine the relationship between cervical cancer and oral contraceptive (OC) use, we analyzed data from a population-based, case-control study in Costa Rica. Women aged 25 to 58 years in whom cervical cancer was diagnosed and reported to the National Tumor Registry were examined as two separate case groups: invasive cervical cancer and carcinoma in situ (CIS). Controls were women aged 25 to 58 years identified through a national survey. Women who had used OCs had no increased risk of invasive cervical cancer compared with women who had never-used OCs (relative risk, 0.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.5 to 1.3). Women who had used OCs had an increased risk of CIS compared with those who had never used OCs (relative risk, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 2.2). However, further analyses indicated that this increased risk was confined to those who had recently used OCs. Also, the risk of CIS was not elevated in subgroups in which a history of cervical smears was not strongly linked to OC use. The elevated risk of CIS among OC users may therefore reflect a bias caused by enhanced detection of disease rather than a causal association.Ítem Wome's perceptions of the safety of the pill : a survey in eight developing countries(Journal of Biosocial Science, No. 19, 1987) Shafei, Mohamed El; Varakamin, Somsak; Basanayake, Sriani; Diop Ibrahima L.; Otolorin, E. O.; Rosero Bixby, Luis; Molina, Ramiro; Nuñez, Leopoldo; Cueva, Orlando; Riphagen, F. E.; Grubb, Gary S.; Hilton, Kathy; Potts, MalcolmIn January 1985, a Gallup poll sponsored by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists reported that 76% of the US women sampled thought that there were substantial risks with using the pill, 31% thought the pill caused cancer and 64% thought the risk of childbearing was equal to or less than that in taking the pill. To assess the perceptions of the pill’s safety internationally, a survey of 100-150 urban, middle-class women aged 18-45 years was conducted in each of eight countries in the developing world. There were striking similarities in perceptions of the pill’s health effects between countries: (1) taking the pill is considered to have substantial health risks by 50-75% and is thought to be more hazardous than childbearing by over 40% of respondents except those in the African samples; (2) women who had used the pill are as unaware as those who had not of possible serious cardiovascular adverse effects; (3) the protective effects of the pill are virtually unknown; (4) the greatest inconsistency with scientific evidence concerns the risks of sterility and birth defects attributed to pill use. With information from this survey, family planning programmes can rectify almost universal misperceptions of the pill’s safety when counselling new and continuing pill users.