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Analysis of non-remunerated production in Costa Rica
(The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, vol.5, 2014) Jiménez Fontana, Pamela
Disaggregating national production by sex might lead to the misleading conclusion that women’s contribution to the economy is significantly lower than men’s. National Accounts fail to measure the time people dedicate to non-remunerated production because there is no explicit economic compensation. However, non-remunerated production contributes indirectly to the economy, and it represents part of the real cost of taking care of others. The opportunity cost of dedication to non-remunerated production depends highly on the educational level and personal preferences. This article estimates the real contribution of men and women to the Costa Rican economy by calculating labor income and non-remunerated production by age and sex. In addition, the article disaggregates the main activities of non-remunerated production by educational level.
Challenges to realize the gender dividend : analysis of the time use patterns in Costa Rica
(Population Association of America, 2015) Jiménez Fontana, Pamela
The gender dividend is considered a potential opportunity for economic growth that comes from an increase in women’s labor force participation. Previous studies conclude that if nonmarket production is included; the gender dividend would be higher. However, considering that the domestic production has a low economic value in the market, most of the opportunities of the gender dividend come from a higher female labor force participation. Furthermore, nonmarket production might be considered a barrier that women face to increase their participation in the work force. This article analyze the time use patterns of nonmarket production and consumption of the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica using the National Time Transfer Account methodology. The article also disaggregates the main activities of non-remunerated production by working status. In addition, a potential unmet demand for childcare is estimated.
Gender gaps in Costa Rica: analysis of time use and labor income by education
(Time Use and Transfers in the Americas, 2019) Jiménez Fontana, Pamela
Female labor force participation in Costa Rica has remained stagnant since 2005. An increase on the participation of women in the labor market could have a positive impact on the economy, which is known as gender dividend. Given that Costa Rica is at the end of its demographic transition, the gender dividend emerges as an alternative to partially reduce the negative effects of population aging. This article analyzes gender gaps on time use and labor income in Costa Rica by educational level, in order to identify limitations women have to access to the labor market. One of the main results of this article is that women with higher education spend significantly less time doing unpaid work than women with incomplete high school. In contrast, this difference is not observed among men.
Retos para materializar el dividendo de género perfiles de uso de tiempo en Costa Rica
(Población y Salud en Mesoamérica; Volumen 13, Número 2, 2016) Jiménez Fontana, Pamela
El dividendo de género es una oportunidad potencial para el crecimiento económico, producto del incremento de la participación de la mujer en el mercado laboral; sin embargo, el trabajo no remunerado que realizan las mujeres en el hogar puede considerarse como una barrera para incrementar su participación en la fuerza de trabajo. Con el objetivo de analizar la relación entre la producción no remunerada y el potencial del dividendo de género, este artículo analiza los patrones de uso de tiempo y la producción y consumo no remunerado en Costa Rica. Además, el estudio realiza una estimación de una potencial demanda insatisfecha de cuido infantil. El trabajo utiliza los métodos desarrollados por la red internacional National Transfer Accounts. Los principales resultados del trabajo confirman que las mujeres son responsables de las tareas domésticas no remuneradas, mientras que los hombres en promedio se especializan en el mercado laboral. Los resultados muestran que no existe una mayor corresponsabilidad entre hombres y mujeres de generaciones más jóvenes. La materialización del dividendo de género depende en gran medida de que las políticas públicas procuren reducir la carga de trabajo no remunerado de las mujeres e incrementen las oportunidades a empleos de calidad. he gender dividend is a potential opportunity for economic growth due to an increase in women’s participation in the labor market; however, non-remunerated work can be a barrier to increase women’s labor force participation. In order to analyze the relationship between non-remunerated production and the potential gender dividend, this article analyzes time use age profiles, and the non-remunerated production and consumption in Costa Rica. Furthermore, the study estimates a potential unmet demand of childcare. The paper uses the methods developed by the international network National Transfer Accounts. The main results of the study confirm that women are the responsible for household work, while men on average specialize in the labor market. The results show that there is not more co-responsibility between men and women of younger generations. The materialization of the gender dividend depends heavily on public policies that seek to reduce women’s household workload and increase quality jobs opportunities.

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