Examinando por Autor "Monge Rojas, Rafael"
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Ítem Genetic, dietary, and other lifestyle determinants of serum homocysteine levels in young adults in Costa Rica(Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, vol17(4), 2005) Holst Schumacher, Ileana; Monge Rojas, Rafael; Cambronero Gutiérrez, Priscilla; Brenes Camacho, GilbertObjective: Elevated serum total homocysteine (tHcy) is considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to develop the first-ever information on the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia and its determinants in a population in Costa Rica. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine serum levels of tHcy, vitamin B12, folate and creatinine, as well as the presence of the genotype TT for the methylentetratrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme. Additionally, dietary vitamin intakes and other lifestyle risk factors were assessed. A total of 399 Costa Rican adults from the central valley of the country (where the capital city, San José, is located), aged 20 to 40 years, participated in this study in the year 2000. Analyses of variance were performed for continuous variables, and the chi-square test was used for categorical data. Spearman correlation tests were calculated to determine associations between variables. Three linear regression analyses and one binary logistic model were developed in order to determine the predictors for homocysteine levels in the population studied. Results: The overall prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia ( over 15 umol/L) in the population was 6%, 31% of the population were in the range of 10 to 15 umol/L, 29% had the genotype TT for the enzyme MTHFR, 18% presented a vitamin B12 deficiency ( less 165 pmol/L), and none of the persons had low serum folate levels (less 7,0 nmol/l). No significant associations were found between tHcy and age, smoking, consuming alcohol, or dietary vitamin intake. Conclusions: Only serum vitamin B12 levels and the genotype TT of the enzyme MTHFR were considered significant predictors of high serum tHcy levels in the Costa Rica population studied.Ítem Saturated and cis- and trans-unsaturated fatty acids intake in rural and urban Costa Rican adolescents(Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol24, no. 4, 2005) Monge Rojas, Rafael; Campos Núñez, Hannia; Fernández Rojas, Xinia ElenaObjective: The purpose of this study is to determine whether intake of saturated fatty acids and cis- and trans-unsaturated fatty acids is associated with an urban compared to a rural lifestyle, and whether these associations are responsible for differences in plasma lipid concentrations. Methods: Two hundred seventy-five adolescents, aged 12 to 19 years, living in rural and urban areas of San José, Costa Rica, were included in the study. All participants completed three-day food records, provided a fasting blood sample, and carried out a modified Harvard Step Test. Results: Compared to rural, urban adolescents reported higher intakes of energy-adjusted individual and total saturated fatty acids, total n-3, total n-6 (p < 0.05). Compared to rural, urban adolescents had higher intake of 18:1 (3.65 vs. 3.25, p = 0.0001) and 18:2 (0.62 vs. 0.80, p = 0.001) trans fatty acids, as well as lower intake of carbohydrate (p < 0.05). Palm shortening was the main source of saturated fat (32%), and partially hydrogenated soybean oil used for cooking was the main source of n-3 fatty acids (33%), n-6 fatty acids (33%) and trans fatty acids (34%). Compared to rural, urban adolescents had lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure and higher plasma HDL cholesterol concentration (44 vs. 40 mg/dL, p < 0.0001), but were more likely to be sedentary (68% vs. 57%, p < 0.0001). Among environmental factors, higher carbohydrate intake was a significant determinant of a lower HDL cholesterol (β coeff = −1.45, p = 0.04), while lauric and myristic fatty acids correlated with increased LDL cholesterol (β coeff = 3.6, 1.7, p < 0.05). Conclusions:A diet containing less carbohydrate and less saturated fatty acids contributes to a more beneficial lipid profile in Costa Rican adolescents, but a trend towards high trans fatty acids intake, particularly in the urban area is worrisome given the well-known adverse effects of trans fatty acids.Ítem Validity and reliability of a FoodFrequency Questionnaire (FFQ) assessing food groups consumption and nutrients intake in CostaRican adolescentes adaptação dos profissionais ao home working e seus efeitos = Validez y fiabilidad de un Cuestionario de Frecuencia Alimentaria (FFQ) que evalúa el consumo de grupos de alimentos y la ingesta de nutrientes en adolescentes costarricenses(Población y Salud en Mesoamérica, Volumen 21, no. 2, Artículo científico, enero-junio, 2024) Monge Rojas, Rafael; Alvarado Barrantes, Ricardo; Vargas Quesada, Rulamán; Chinnock, AnneFood Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) have been widely used in several age groups,including adolescents, due to their greater advantages over other dietary measurement methods. Therefore,this study was designed to assess the validity and reliability of a FFQ designed for use on Costa Ricana dolescents. Methodology: The validation and reproducibility studies were carried out in a sample of 107adolescentsofSanJoséprovinceselectedthroughconvenience sampling.Forvalidation,acomparisonofthenutrient intake and food consumption data obtained with the FFQ was made with those derived from the 3-day food record (3FR). Reliability was assessed by comparing nutrient intake and food consumption derivedfromthefirstFFQwithanotherFFQperformedfourweeksafterthefirst.Results:FFQoverestimates3FR,withan average overestimation of 40.2% for foods and 38.8% for nutrients. The cross-classification was good for24 of 26 nutrients and for 12 of the 21 food groups, and the weighted kappa showed an acceptablediscriminant ability of the FFQ to categorize individuals into broad nutrient intake (except for protein andcholesterol) and food groups categories (dairy products, white rice, beans, vegetables, fruits and fruit juice,sugary drinks, breakfast cereal, candies and sweets, snacks, fast foods, fat, and ice cream). Conclusions: TheFFQ designed for Costa Rican adolescents was unable to assess absolute dietary intakes; however, it is areasonabletooltocategorizeadolescentsintobroadrangesofdietaryintakesandcouldbeusedtoevaluatedietary patterns inepidemiologicalstudies of diet-diseaseassociations Debido a sus mayores ventajas sobre otros métodos de medición dietética, el Cuestionario de Frecuencia de Consumo de Alimentos( CFCA) ha sido ampliamente utilizado en varios grupos de edad, incluyendo los adolescentes. Por lo tanto, este estudio fue diseñado para evaluar la validez y confiabilidad de un CFCA diseñado para ser utilizado en adolescentes costarricenses. Metodología: El estudiode validación y confiabilidad se realizó en una muestra de 107 adolescentes de la provincia de San José seleccionados mediante un muestreo por conveniencia. Para la validación, se realizó una comparación de los datos de ingesta de nutrientes y el consumo de alimentos obtenidos con el CFCA con aquellos derivados del registro de alimentos de 3 días (RA3d). La confiabilidad se evaluó comparando la ingesta de nutrientes y el consumo de alimentos derivados del primer CFCA con otro CFCA realizado cuatro semanas después del primero. Resultados: El CFCA sobre estima al RA3d, con una sobreestimación promedio de 40.2% para alimentos y 38.8% para nutrientes. La clasificación cruzada fue buena para 24 de los 26 nutrientes y para 12de los 21 grupos de alimentos, además el kappa ponderado mostró una capacidad discriminante aceptable del FFQ para categorizara las personas en una amplia ingesta de nutrientes (excepto proteínas ycolesterol) y categorías de grupos de alimentos. (productos lácteos, arroz blanco, frijoles, vegetales, frutas y jugos de frutas, bebidas azucaradas,cereales para el desayuno, dulces y golosinas, bocadillos, comidas rápidas, grasas y helados). Conclusiones: El CFCA diseñado para adolescentes costarricenses no es adecuado para evaluarlas ingestas dietéticas absolutas; sin embargo, es una herramienta razonable para categorizar a los adolescentes en amplios rangos de ingestas dietéticas y podría usarse para evaluar patrones dietéticos en estudios epidemiológicos que buscan asociaciones entre dietay enfermedad.